SAT语法详细介绍

　　SAT写作部分由两个内容组成，一个是语法，另一个是作文。就语法来说，中国学生只要认真准备是比较好拿分的，因为首先中国学校重视英语语法的学习；其次这一语法考试形式对中国学生来说并不陌生。下面是原始分数同总分数的换算表，不过语 法部分的总分数是80而不是800。

　　这里，C代表答对的题目数；W是答错的题数乘以1/4后再把结果四舍五入后得到的值。如果某位考生答对了45道题，错了4道题，那么他的原始分数C=45，W=1(4*1/4=1)，所以该考生的R=C-W=45-1=44；由上表得知你的SAT语法得分是70。这个分数是写作试题语法部分的得分。它将作为一个成绩显示在你的成绩单中。那么写作部分的最终得分还有结合作文部分的得分来一起评定，下表是综合得分表，左侧的一列是语法的原始分，第二行的12，11，10等数字显示了作文的得分，作文的得分范围是0-12。在表中可根据语法原始分和作文分数查到写作部分的总分。若语法原始分时44分，作文分是9分，那么你的写作部分的总分是700分。

　　本章将告诉读者关于SAT语法的几个基本问题：SAT语法考核何种能力；SAT语法出题方式，SAT语法的特点是什么；SAT语法的典型习题。

　　一、SAT语法考核何种能力

　　SAT写作部分是2005年开始增加的新内容，在那之前，它是SAT课程考试科目中的内容。虽然它从SAT课程考试升到了SAT考试，但SAT语法考试内容和方式没有多大变化，只是把题数，考试时间和评分标准作了一些调整。

　　从SAT语法的出处可见，它不同于SAT的数学和阅读，它同IQ(智商测试)沾不上边儿，它是一个纯粹的语法知识测试。

　　二、SAT语法试题的出题方式

　　SAT语法试题的出题方式非常固定，它由2个试卷，总共49道试题组成。这49道题分为3种题型：识别错误、改正句子和改写文章。

　　1.识别错误

　　这类题型非常类似于托福语法中的改错部分，即识别一个句子当中四个下划线部分里有无语法错误。不过SAT语法试题的这部分内容与托福语法试题的这部分内容的最大区别在于它还有第五个选项放在句后，即NO ERROR选项，选择这个选项即认为这个句子没有语法错误。这类题型的题目共有18道，都集中在一张试卷中。

　　2. 改正句子

　　这类题目的题型是这样设置的：在一个长句子中，有一划线部分，要求你辨别这一部分是否有语法错误，下划线上的内容与选项A的相同，如果你认为没有错误的话，则选择A，你认为有错的话，就从B、C、D或者E中选出一个正确的选项。这部分的题目共有25道，分布在2个试卷中。

　　3.改写文章

　　这一题型由一个段子组成，这个段子大约有120-140个单词，约15个句子。题目只有6道，并都出现在一个试卷中。题目内容包括段子里某些句子的划线部分的改写；根据短文里的某一句子，选出一个最好的接下去的句子；根据上下文改写或增加词，短语或句子等。

　　三、SAT语法的特点和解题技巧

　　识别错误类型和改正句子类型的试题中，考的是词法和句法。包括词的使用，词语搭配和句子的合理性等内容。

　　在十大词类里，有7类词被考到。它们是：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词；而另3类词(数词、冠词和感叹词)不考或极少考。

　　动词：这里包括谓语动词和非谓语动词。主要考的内容有主谓一致，时态语态，平行结构等。

　　名词：名词主要是考名词的单复数错误。

　　介词：介词主要是考固定搭配。

　　代词：代词的考点有很多：比如主客体和所有格的混淆，代词与所替代的名词的一致，指代不清，关系代词的使用等

　　形容词：比较级和最高级。

　　副词：同其他词的混用。

　　连词：同类词的错用，连词的固定搭配。

　　在句法的考题中，平衡问题，从句及其关联词常被考到，特别是定语从句和关联词频频被考。改写文章考的也是语法，但比识别错误类型和改正句子类型更为综合，要求更高，但基础语法知识是一样的。

　　四、SAT语法试题

　　为了让读者感受一下SAT语法试题，下面给出了从真题中抽取出的一部分题目，并把它们按类型分成3组。

　　1.识别错误

　　1. In everything from finding comets to spotting supernovae, amateur astronomers have become so accomplished, and professional astronomers sometimes seek their help。

　　(A) accomplished, and

　　(B) accomplished, also

　　(C) accomplished that

　　(D) accomplished therefore

　　(E) accomplished when

　　2. Since scientific advances are central to progress, basic research deserving continuing support。

　　(A) basic research deserving continuing support

　　(B) basic research being what deserves continuing support

　　(C) basic research deserves continuing support

　　(D) continuing support is deserved by basic research

　　(E) continuing support is what they deserve in basic research

　　3. With Americans consuming sugar in record amounts, nutritionists are urging the public to reduce its consumption of sodas, which have largely replaced other, more healthful, beverages。

　　(A) nutritionists are urging the public to reduce its consumption of sodas, which

　　(B) nutritionists have been urging that the public reduces its consumption of sodas; those

　　(C) the public ought to reduce its consuming of sodas, as urged by nutritionists, because they

　　(D) nutritionists urge about reducing public soda consumption, which

　　(E) less soda should be consumed by the public, urge nutritionists, which

　　4. Experts disagree about what is the definition of intelligence and how to measure it。

　　(A) what is the definition of intelligence and how to measure it

　　(B) how to define intelligence, and also its measurement

　　(C) how to define and measure intelligence

　　(D) defining intelligence as well as measurement

　　(E) the definition of intelligence and measuring it

　　2.改正句子

　　5. America’s first roller coaster ride, which opened in 1884 at Coney Island, Brooklyn, and capable of a top

　　A B

　　C

　　speed of only six miles per hour. No error

　　D E

　　6. The inflation rate in that country is so high that even with adjusted wages, most workers can barely pay

　　A B C D

　　for food and shelter. No error

　　E

　　7. Over the past two years, apparel manufacturers have worked to meeting the revised federal standards for the A B C Ddesign of uniforms. No errorE

　　8. Storing bread in the refrigerator delays drying and the growth of mold but increase the rate at which theA B Cbread loses flavor. No errorD E

　　3.改写文章

　　Questions 9-14 refer to the following passage。

　　(1) On September 10, 1973, the United States Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937)， one of four stamps in the American Arts series. (2) Acclaimed as an artist in the United States and Europe at the turn of the century, Tanner was called the “dean” of art by W. E. B. Du Bois. (3) But after his death, Tanner’s work was largely forgotten. (4) And so it remained, and even later, in 1969, the donation of one of his paintings to the Smithsonian Institution aroused new interest in the art of this American master. (5) Now his works are on exhibit again. (6) You can even buy posters of his paintings!

　　(7) One of his most famous works is a realistic painting by the name of “The Banjo Lesson。” (8) It was inspired by a poem of Paul Laurence Dunbar. (9) The painting isn’t like a photograph. (10) The magnificence of his work can be seen with each subtle brush stroke, each carefully crafted detail. (11) The effect is truly beautiful. (12) If I were to try to identify the dominant theme of the painting, I would have to say that it is family cohesiveness because the entire scene seems to emphasize the bond between the boy and his grandfather。

　　9. Which is the best version of the underlined part of sentence 2 (reproduced below) ?

　　Acclaimed as an artist in the United States and Europe at the turn of the century, Tanner was called the “dean” of art by W. E. B. Du Bois。

　　(A) (as it is now)

　　(B) century; Tanner was called the “dean” of art by W. E. B. Du Bois

　　(C) century, Tanner, who was called “dean” of art by W. E. B. Du Bois

　　(D) century, W. E. B. Du Bois calling Tanner the “dean” of art

　　(E) century, it was W. E. B. Du Bois who called Tanner the “dean” of art

　　10. Which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 4 (reproduced below) ?

　　And so it remained, and even later, in 1969, the donation of one of his paintings to the Smithsonian Institution aroused new interest in the art of this American master。

　　(A) (as it is now)

　　(B) remained, and even after that, in 1969,

　　(C) remained, but even then, in 1969,

　　(D) remained until 1969, when

　　(E) remained when in 1969

　　11. In context, which is the best revision of sentence 6 (reproduced below) ? You can even buy posters of his paintings!

　　(A) It is amazing, you can buy posters of his paintings。

　　(B) Even ordinary people like us can buy posters of his paintings。

　　(C) Posters of his paintings had been sold。

　　(D) People can even buy his paintings as a poster。

　　(E) One can even buy posters of his paintings。

　　12. In context, which is the best way to revise sentence 7 (reproduced below) ?

　　One of his most famous works is a realistic painting by the name of “The Banjo Lesson。”

　　(A) Add “In contrast,” to the beginning of the sentence。

　　(B) Change “a realistic painting by the name of” to “the realistic painting”。

　　(C) Delete the words “of his most famous works”。

　　(D) Change “is” to “had been”。

　　(E) Delete “most famous”。

　　13. Which sentence is best inserted after sentence 7 ?

　　(A) The painting shows a man teaching his grandson how to play the banjo。

　　(B) He finished “The Banjo Lesson” in 1893.

　　(C) In the painting, a bright light sets off the manand boy。

　　(D) Banjos came to the United States from West Africa。

　　(E) Portraits by Tanner show a psychological depth and compassion。

　　14. Which is best to add to the beginning of sentence 9 ?

　　(A) Although it is realistic,

　　(B) You can almost hear the music, but

　　(C) Photographs have a beauty of their own, but

　　(D) As a lifelike work,

　　(E) Some people just copy what they see;

　　4.试题答案

　　1.(C)， 2.(C)， 3.(A)， 4.(C)， 5.(B)， 6.(E)， 7.(C)， 8. (B)，9.(A)， 10.(D)， 11.(E)， 12.(B)， 13.(A)， 14.(A)