新托福阅读题目分类举例——续1

　　否定事实信息题

　　本类题目考察对于

　　信息的核对和收集的能力

　　Paragraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.

　　1. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT

　　○Soil erosion

　　○Global warming

　　○Insufficient irrigation

　　○The raising of livestock

　　Paragraph 1: The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison‘s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).

　　2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT:

　　○One individual at a time viewed a film.

　　○Customers could view one film after another.

　　○Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films.

　　○Each film was short.

　　Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

　　Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people‘s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

　　3. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s

　　○Moral values

　　○Previous experiences with aggression

　　○Instinct to avoid aggression

　　○Beliefs about other people‘s intentions

　　Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan’s dream of setting up one‘s own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

　　4. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of

　　○Freedom

　　○Status in the community

　　○Opportunities for advancement

　　○Contact among workers who were not managers

　　Paragraph 6: In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

　　5. According to paragraph 6, the Democrats were supported by all of the following groups EXCEPT

　　○workers unhappy with the new industrial system

　　○planters involved in international trade

　　○rising entrepreneurs

　　○individuals seeking to open the economy to newcomers

　　Paragraph 3: Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person‘s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?

　　6. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?

　　○They would become less intense.

　　○They would last longer than usual.

　　○They would cause problems later.

　　○They would become more negative

　　Paragraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

　　7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

　　○A mountain valley

　　○Flat land

　　○A lake floor

　　○The seafloor

　　Paragraph ５:In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

　　8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT:

　　○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

　　○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

　　○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

　　○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

　　Paragraph 6：The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.

　　9. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:

　　○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.

　　○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.

　　○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.

　　○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.

　　Paragraph 1：Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

　　10. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:

　　○Architecture is visual art.

　　○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.

　　○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.

　　○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.

　　Paragraph 2：The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

　　11. According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:

　　○The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.

　　○The aquifer’s water comes from underground springs.

　　○Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years.

　　○The aquifer’s water is stored in a layer of sandstone.

　　Paragraph 4：This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930’s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

　　12. According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:

　　○The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.

　　○Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.

　　○Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.

　　○Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.

　　Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

　　13. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

　　○They occur at the end of a succession.

　　○They last longer than any other type of community.

　　○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

　　○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

　　Paragraph 7：The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

　　14. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT

　　○ The capacity to create shade

　　○ Leaves containing tannin

　　○ The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

　　○ The large number of acorns the tree produces

　　Paragraph 5：The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer---wolves, cougar, and lynx--have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the gate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Linares, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade- grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

　　15．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

　　○A reduction in the number of predators

　　○Restrictions on hunting

　　○The effects of logging and fire

　　○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

　　Paragraph 4：The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

　　16．According to paragraph 4, scholars believe that wild cattle, horses, and mammoths are the animals most frequently portrayed in cave paintings for all of the following reasons EXPECT:

　　○These animals were difficult to hunt because their unpredictable behavior.

　　○People preferred these animals for their meat and for their skins.

　　○The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.

　　○People feared these animals because of their size and speed.

　　Paragraph 5：Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.

　　17．According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT

　　○permission to access the area where oil has been found

　　○the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool

　　○the location of the market in relation to the drilling site

　　○the political situation in the region where drilling would occur

　　Paragraph 4: This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs.

　　18. According to paragraph 4, all of the following statements are true of the impact at the end of the Cretaceous period EXCEPT:

　　○A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth.

　　○Earth became cold and dark for several months.

　　○New elements were formed in Earth‘s crust.

　　○Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.

　　参考答案

　　1. ○Insufficient irrigation

　　2.○Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films.

　　3. ○instinct to avoid aggression

　　4.○contact among workers who were not managers

　　5.○planters involved in international trade

　　6.○They would become less intense.

　　7.○A mountain valley

　　8.○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

　　9. ○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.

　　10. ○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.

　　11. ○The aquifer’s water comes from underground springs.

　　12. ○The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.

　　13. ○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

　　14. ○The large number of acorns the tree produces

　　15. ○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

　　16. ○The painters admired the beauty of these large animals.

　　17. ○The location of the market in relation to the drilling site

　　18.○ New elements were formed in Earth’s crust.