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　　In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in low-paying, low-skill jobs, to explain this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied on the useful theory, investment in human capital—the acquisition of difficult job-related skills—generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however, results in interruptions in their participation in the job market (as compared with men’s) and thus reduces their opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.

　　There were, however, differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capital theory. For example, male constructions workers were paid significantly higher wages than female taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from the segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women, there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.

　　在十七世纪佛罗伦萨的纺织业中，女性主要受雇于低收入低技能的工作。经济学家靠人力资本理论来解释这种劳动分配上的性别歧视。依据这一理论，在人力资本上的投入(获得与工作相关的有难度的技能)通常对个人有利，帮助他们获得从事高薪工作的技能。但是女性一直充当孩子抚养者的角色，这阻碍了她们加入就业市场(与男性相比)从而减少了她们获得高技能工作培训的机会。此外，人力资本理论解释了有大批女性集中于像纺织这种低技能工作，而没有集中在梳理棉、毛这类同样是低技能的工作的原因，这是因为女性抚养孩子的主要责任迫使她们从事可以在家中完成的工作。

　　但是男女之间不同的工资差别却没法用人力资本理论来解释。例如，建筑工人(男)的工资明显高于塔夫绸纺织女工。 这两种低技能工作的工资差距是源于劳动分配上的性别差异：因为只有有限的一部分职位是对女性开放的，而在这些领域有大量的应征者，这种“过度密集”导致女性获得较低的工资而男性获得较高的工资。